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Light pollution makes it hard to see the night sky, but changes in the way highways are lit has helped with the problem somewhat.
published: Friday, July 03, 2009 Let there be dark By CHRISTOPHER TUFFLEY christopher.tuffley@newssun.com SEBRING -- Unlike owls, catfish, the fox and bats, humans have never felt comfortable in the dark. From the earliest camp fires to the Las Vegas strip, people worked to light up the night. Now, however, some are questioning whether cities are safer and individuals healthier in the bright world that technology has created. Organizations like the International Dark-Sky Association collect data, while city and county commissions debate ramifications. Lately, the issue of light pollution has become a topic of intensifying interest as the costs of producing light rise, concern grows about power plant carbon emmissions and America questions its dependence on fossil fuels. A growing number of people are becoming increasingly worried about the way artificial light affects the environment and human metabolism as well, while questions about whether street lighting actually curtails crime also are being raised. According to the Web site starrynightlights.com, light pollution is "misdirected or misused light ... generally resulting from an inappropriate application of exterior lighting." Glow, which results from light that defuses upward or outward, and glare are the two major problems. Glow washes out the sky, while often leaving the ground dark. Glare can compromise vision, and even make streets less safe because it is easy to hide in the dark behind a bright light. Anyone who has looked in the direction of a flashlight, for example, knows the person holding the flashlight can't be seen. According to an article by Ron Chepesiuk in the January 2009 edition of "Environmental Health Perspectives," over-illumination is another problem. "Over-illumination refers to the use of artificial light well beyond what is required for a specific activity," he wrote, "such as keeping lights on all night in an empty building." The National Park Service has said that 50 percent of the light from a typical unshielded light is wasted, shining upward where it is not needed, while good light is shielded in a manner that directs all the light where it is needed and wanted. "We are just now understanding the nocturniality of many creatures," said Chad Moore, Night Sky Manager with the National Park Service. "Not protecting the night will destroy the habitat of many animals." Bats and migrating birds, in particular, have been affected, both becpoming disoriented.
Too much light may cause health problems Too much light my also be a problem for people. For example, several studies have shown a correlation between excessive artificial light exposure and breast and prostate cancers. One reason, presented in an article published in the December 2005 edition of "Cancer Research," is that melatonin -- a hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps regulate the body's biological clock -- is only secreted at night. Studies have shown that darkness increases its production, while production has decreased in people who work in artificial light at night. Researchers also are finding possible connections between disruptions of the natural sleep cycle due to excessive light and problems like insomnia, weight gain, depression and the onset of diabetes. The emerging research is compelling enough that on June 15, the American Medical Association passed a resolution that it "develop and enact a policy that supports light pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels." The AMA also recommended that the organization support legislation, "that all future street lights will be of a fully shielded design or similar non-glare design to improve the safety of our roadways, but especially vision impaired and older drivers."
One community's approach Some communities have already taken major steps to control the amount of light in public places. The City of Sanibel Island is one such example. In a telephone interview Sanibel's city manager, Judi Zimomra, explained that her city was unusual from the beginning, given that it is located on a barrier island and that a majority of the land is a protected wildlife refuge. She said it was why a very strict code was created. The city allows no neon or interior illuminated signs, nor does it have traffic lights, let alone street lights. "We consider ourselves a sanctuary," Zimomra said, which means "lighting is just part of an overall strategy," that includes land use and landscaping. The important point, Zimomra added, was that the city ordinances were adopted through a public referendum, the passage of which had been citizen driven. In the early 2000s, she said, the citizens gave themselves 15 years to create a dark sky. Private outdoor lighting cannot produce glow or glare, nor may light intrude onto a neighbor's property. American flags have to be lit from above. The city code includes illustrations of appropriate lighting fixtures. New lamp designs are readily available. The simple act of recessing the bulb does much to prevent both glow and glare. Timers and motion triggered lighting also are useful.
State takes steps Some state agencies are making adjustments. Chester Henson, the Florida Department of Transportation's safety engineer, said in a telephone interview that the state began changing out roadway lights 25 years ago looking for energy savings and long-lasting bulbs. "We're trying to kick down light pollution," Henson said. The department now uses full cut-off heads -- that is light heads that aim the light toward the ground -- and shorter light poles, because of citizen complaints regarding light trespass. Mercury vapor lights are no longer used. The newer lights, Henson said, "are a lot more friendly, not as bright." The FDOT continues to change out its lighting by attrition. Much of major limited-access highway system lighting has already been converted. Soon the only fixtures that will throw light upward on main highways will be those that illuminate road signs. Locally, lighting has been changed out on U. S. 27 between Bay View Drive and Sun 'N Lakes Blvd. Some entrepreneurs have pointed out that creating, or preserving, a dark sky has economic implications as well, far beyond the savings accrued with the use of energy efficient lighting. An increasing number of people are looking for housing in light restricted areas, especially those interested in astronomy. Developments have been expressly created for these interested families and individuals. The Arizona Sky Village and Rancho Hidalgo in New Mexico are two such communities. So is Chiefland Astronomy Village here in Florida, located between Gainesville and the Gulf. These developments have proved very popular, the Arizona Sky Village quickly selling out. It has been suggested that the Venus area of Highlands County is still dark enough that it could be developed in the same way. ![]() Light pollution ordinance (by: Bob Guzauskas - 7/12/2009) On June 19 the New York Academy of Science held a day long conference, "Circadian Disruption and Cancer". I was there and heard Mds, PhDs, researchers from around the world, reach the same conclusion: "Circadian disruption increases the incidence of breast and colon cancer and possibly prostate cancer." And since these cancers kill some we must conclude that circadian disruption is a lethal pollution. So darken your night or possibly die from cancer. Bob Guzauskas, DDS Member, NYAS since 1968 Light Polution (by: George De Barros - 7/11/2009) I praise Mr.Christopher Tuffley for writing this excellent article. I'm a resident of Venus Florida, and also an amateur astronomer. Venus, is one of the few sites in Florida that I still can look at our Milky Way galaxy from horizon to horizon. But, lately, we're losing this amazing view everyday.. Light polution,is slowly intruding our area, and soon, I'll not be able to look at my dark skies again. I just hope that Highlands County, finally will understand that this Light ordinance will pave a way to the future, and we'll be leading Florida into this giant fight against light polution. light pollution (by: Bill Chazotte - 7/11/2009) I would like to compliment and say thanks to Mr. Christopher Tuffley for his research and timely article on the spreading problem of light pollution. Unless we end this thoughtless practice of carelessly lighting up the night for no good reason, our current generation and those that follow will be denied the beauty, enjoyment and knowledge gained by a natural view of the night sky full of stars. As an amateur astronomer who regularly offers telescope views of the sky to the public, I know that it is fair to say that due to our artificially brightly-lit night skies, people in this modern, technically-advanced age seem to know less about the stars than "ancient" people in the past when the sky was dark. Hopefully, we can learn to use our night lights more sparingly, efficiently and economically, thus restoring the wonder and perspective of the universe. Mr Tuffley's article is a step in the right direction. The Creeping Web of Lights (by: Terry Redding - 7/11/2009) As a kid I use to enjoy being out under the stars with a pair of binoculars looking at all the wonders the night sky could provide. Indeed, when Sputnik was launched many of us became involved in reporting it passage overhead. However, today the incessant increase in night-lights would make a similar activity impossible in many places. Like many of my fellow amateur astronomers I am driven from bright lights to those places known for their dark skies. Increasingly, maintaining dark skies takes a conscious effort. Individually we are being asked to conserve energy and use appropriate light bubs. We are educated to turn the light off when not in use. As cities we must do the same. When not in use, we should turn the lights off. Security and public lights should be on motion detectors and come on only as needed. As we replace and repair lights we need to consciously insure our lights are not pointed up, but only illuminate the areas as needed. Indeed, our traffic lights, when not needed could switch to permit traffic to flow with caution in one direction and function as stoplights in the other. The city when asleep could leave a night light on, with the amount of light and energy used greatly reduced. Protect the Dark Skies over Venus (by: Jim Kimball - 7/10/2009) I am an amateur astronomer and enjoy astro-photography as a hobby. Dark skies are critical to participating in this hobby. As an officer of the Astronomical Society of the Palm Beaches, our hobby has been put in jeopardy by light pollution. Much of what ASPB does is to share our hobby at public events to allow others to see the wonders of the night sky through our telescopes. Unfortunately, light pollution is limiting or preventing an entire generation of children from seeing and enjoying these night sky wonders. I have been traveling to Venus for 7 years or so to enjoy their dark skies, but unfortunately due to insufficient lighting ordinances, light intrusion is severely impacting the dark skies there. I can only hope that people that can impact and influence change realize the value of maintaining dark skies and take steps to protect this rapidly vanishing resource. Stars up, lights down! (by: Greg Simpson - 7/9/2009) I commend all those who've responded to the article--some really good ideas and solutions! I'm an amateur astronomer from Pinellas County, the most overpopulated county in the state, and "dark skies" are nowhere to be found here, of course. But, it is encouraging to see the issue of light pollution with all its various deleterious effects finally making its way into the public consciousness. To those like Ms. Dale, above, with a problem neighbor, I say: Don't give up! Keep trying to reason with them, and you probably will find a solution! I convinced a neighbor to install motion sensor lights, like mine, to replace his energy-wasting, light-trespassing, on-all-night yard light. The same goes with the local lighting officials and power company. Insist on a solution from them as well! location. location, location (by: Auntie Alias - 7/8/2009) Location is everything. And Highlands County is perfectly located for the many amateur astronomers who live in the big cities along both of Florida's coasts. A dark sky makes their telescopes capable of see celestial objects much more clearly! Southern Highlands is only a few hours' drive from many metropolitan areas and has the best astronomy conditions for many hundreds of miles around. I just hope that the people of this county have the good sense to realize this as developement gets going again here! Lighting Pollution (by: Gregory Zentz - 7/8/2009) I travel a lot for business, and when I look out an airplane window at night, every city I see below me is lit up like a Christmas Tree! I used to think that was beautiful, and it is, but now I begin to think it is hugely wasteful. None of that light is shining on the ground, it's being shot up where only someone in an airplane can see it. That is not only wasteful of energy, but now it seems it hurts our ecosystem as well and maybe even us, too. I think I'll start paying attention to such things tonight by turning off my porch light when I go to bed. Maybe even before I go to bed. Dark Skys over Venus (by: Ellen Peterson - 7/8/2009) How can we help to make it happen Light pollution (by: nancy dale - 7/8/2009) Good job...The next step is to not sell these Miami Riot Lights (vapor lights) that spread everywhere and encourage PE and Glades Electric to support the use of "shut off light" that shine directly on the person's property, if they are going to lease lights on private property. I have also been dealing with lights shining directing into my house, and although PE says they will contact the "offender" of a light pole they lease, I purused it and the property owner simploy says "no" they want the light right where it is...thus ...no solution. Hope you will follow-up on this angle. Let there be dark, Ditto (by: Jeff Beish - 7/8/2009) I have lived in Highlands County for eight years and am an amateur astronomer who has noticed a great increase in light pollution over this time period. I moved here because of the dark sky we used to have and wish people would cut down on lighting. It really is expensive for tax payers to foot the bill. Small Banner AdsBusiness DirectoryFeatured PhysicianFeatured AutoFeatured AttorneyMarketplace AdsTile Ads
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